science and technology degree college lecturers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B0dvYhxEKA&list=PLYBH3ftUv0JjdXTLhmDV8zpNsJo9YVeHV
German: Karl Ereky; October 20, 1878 – June 17, 1952) was a Hungarian agricultural engineer. The term 'biotechnology' was coined by him in 1919.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAE1dcSP5nc&list=PLKjIt9ww02WPnZF0p5p701vp7ELWCcL50&index=2

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or "knock out", genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome.




genetic engineering uses ecoli bacteria
E. coli (Escherichia coli), is a type of bacteria that normally lives in your intestines. It’s also found in the gut of some animals.

Most types of E. coli are harmless and even help keep your digestive tract healthy.

genetic engineering uses rDNA technology, DNA fingerprinting,paper or Gel electrophoresis, chromatography
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.

DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA.

paper or Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size using electricity

chromatography is the term describing all forms of chemical seperations that involve moving the analyte mixture through a column or over a stationary phase. As the plug of analytes moves down the column physical and/or chemical difference between analytes cause them to move at different rates, seperating them by the end of the column
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeKNrzmS8gw

genetic engineering created following enzymes
1. renate is used to create artificial junnu
2. protiase: to make flesh smooth
3. popain: toilet cleaning
4. mono podium gluta mate: to give taste to edible foods

genetic engineering created following hormone
emulin : for diabetic patients

genetic engineering created following interferons( artificial protien to fight against virus)
alpha interferons

antibiotic
1. pencilin -alexander fleming

vaccines
edward jenner: first vaccines for small pox

mono clonal antibodies --same structure, same size and ..for treating of cancer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kDQ4OC0fHk&list=PLExtjHrmS9TsnDliiCpM2LBlk92g_AJzW
enzyme: en means in and zyme means yeast.
enzyme was first found in yeast.
enzymes will increase the chemical reaction with less activation energy(ATP is energy rich molecule)
enzymes can work with acids and alkalines
two types of enzymes -1. inactive (end with gen) 2. active (end with ase)
simple enzymes are made up of protiens and complex enzymes are made up of protien and non protiens

protiens are organic compounds that consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur
protiens are found in hair, nails, skin, animal fur and feathers
protien consisting foods are pulses, milk, egg and meat.
protiens are made up of amino acids bonded using peptide bond
insulin is a protien  where amino acids are connected in linear
myoglobin protien where amino acids are connected in helical manner
tertiary structure where amino acids are connected in 3D form
Quaternary structure : tertiary structure combined together ex: haemoglobin
Uses of protien:
hormones are made up of protien
used in defense (antibodies)
used in transport ex:
help in blood clotting

nitogenous bases are
1. adenine
2. guaninge
3. cytocine
these above three are present in DNA/ RNA
4. thymine present in DNA
5.uracil present in RNA
 nucleic acid is made up of nucleotides
nucleotides are made up of nucleosides and phosphoric acid
nucleoside is made up of nitrogenous base and phosphate sugar.

mononucleotide: ex : ATP gives 31.81 kj or 7.3 kcal/mol when ATP is converted to ADP
polynucleotide: formed by many nucleotide ex: DNA and RNA

Lipids (kovvulu) organic compound that does not dissolve in water
lipid is present in fruits, nuts and oils
organic compounds dissolve in organic solvents
inorganic solvents : water
classification of lipids
1. acyl glycerol
         a) saturated : found in animal , double bond between carbon and carbon ex: icecream, butter
         b) unsaturated : found in plants , triple bond between carbon and carbon ex: oils, olive oils....
2. waxes : found in protective layer ex: petals, sepals, animal fur,
3. Phospho lipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids +1 phosphoric acid
associated with cell membrane --has two heads--a) hydro philic : water loving/attract b) hydro phobic: water fearing
4. terpenoids
a) caretinoids : produce colour
b) steroids : four ring carbon strucutre ex: cholosterol is made up of  steroids
c) tarpene : produce smell used in perfumes

carbohydrates: carbon+water
types of carbohydrates
1. mono saccharides : 
        a) glucose : found in fruits
        b) fructose : found in honey
        c) galactose : found in milk
2. di saccharides :
   a) glucose + glucose : maltose found in burger, pizza and chocolates
   b) glucose + fructose :  sucrose found in sugarcane and fruits
   c) glucose + galactose : Lactose found in milk

3. oilgo saccharides : 2 to 10 sugar molecules
4. poly saccharides : > 10 sugar molecules
      insoluble in water
         a) starch : reserve food in plants stored in beans, leaves, roots
         b) edible starch or glycogen : reserve food in humans/ animals stored in liver, muscles
         c) cellulose : used in boundary of cells

Greedy problem

Find smallest number with given number of digits and sum of digits

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

   int sum,d;

   scanf("%d%d",&sum,&d);

   if(sum == 0)

   {

       if(d == 1)

            printf("0");

       else

            printf("Not Possible");

   }

   else if(sum > 9*d)

            printf("Not Possible");  

   else

   {

        int ans[d],i;

        sum = sum-1;

        for(i=d-1;i>0;i--)

        {

            if(sum>9)

            {

                ans[i]=9;

                sum = sum -9;

            }

            else

            {

                ans[i] = sum;

                sum=0;

            }

        }

        ans[0]=sum+1;

        for(i=0;i<d;i++)

            printf("%d",ans[i]);

   }

}

Bit wise operators Questions in C

Bitwise And

1. #include<stdio.h>
3. int main()
4. {
5. int n;
7. printf("Enter an integer\n");
8. scanf("%d",&n);
10. if ( n & 1 == 1 )
11. printf("Odd\n");
12. else
13. printf("Even\n");
15. return 0;
16. }

Bitwise XOR 

Symbol used is ^

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
 int x=1,y=3;
 if(x ^ y)
  printf("x is not equal to y");
 else
  printf("x is equal to y");
}

Practice Problem

https://www.codechef.com/problems/MISSP

Chef is fan of pairs and he likes all things that come in pairs. He even has a doll collection in which all dolls have paired.One day while going through his collection he found that there are odd number of dolls. Someone had stolen a doll!!!

Help chef find which type of doll is missing..

#include <stdio.h>
   
    int main()
{
        int t, n, m, b;
       
           
        scanf ("%d\n", &t);
        while (t--)
{
            b = 0;
           
            scanf("%d\n", &n);
           
            while (n--)
{
                scanf("%d\n", &m);
                b ^= m;
            }
           
            printf("%d\n", b);
        }
       
        return 0;
    }

Bitwise <<

Arithmetic, assignment,logical operator question in c

Questions on Arithmetic operators
1. A computer programming contest requires teams of 5 members each.
Write a program that asks for the number of players and then give 
the number of teams and number of players leftover?

2. Find the number of months and leftover when the number of days
are given (assume each month has only 30 days)

3. https://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/combo-meal/submissions/code/112740245

4. Number of questions on modulus operator can be explained

Questions on Assignment operator
Explanation: different types of assignments  a =10, a =b, a= b+c

1. Swap two variables

Questions on Logical Operators

// Input an integer number and check whether 

// it is divisible by 9 or 7.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int num;
    
    //input number
    printf("Enter an integer number: ");
    scanf("%d", &num);
    
    //check the condition
    if(num%9==0 || num%7==0)
        printf("%d is divisible by 9 or 7\n",num);
    else
        printf("%d is not divisible by 9 or 7\n",num);
        
    return 0;
}

// Input gender in single character and print full gender
// (Ex: if input is 'M' or 'm' - it should print "Male").

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char gender;
    
    //input gender
    printf("Enter gender (m/M/f/F): ");
    scanf("%c", &gender);
    
    //check the condition and print gender
    if(gender=='m' || gender=='M')
        printf("Gender is Male");
    else if(gender=='f' || gender=='F')
        printf("Gender is Female");
    else
        printf("Unspecified gender");
        
    return 0;
}

Reverse the contents of a file and store in another file using fseek in c

 #include <stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

int main()

{

    FILE *fp1,*fp2;

    fp1=fopen("input.txt","r");

    fp2=fopen("output.txt","w");

    char ch;

    fseek(fp1,-1,SEEK_END);

    while(1)

    {

        ch=fgetc(fp1);

        fputc(ch,fp2);

        if(fseek(fp1,-2,SEEK_CUR) <0) 

        break;

    }

    fclose(fp1);

    fclose(fp2);

    return 0;

}

======(OR) =====

#include <stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

int main()

{

    FILE *fp1,*fp2;

    fp1=fopen("input.txt","r");

    fp2=fopen("output.txt","w");

    char ch;

    int c,i=1;

    fseek(fp1,0,SEEK_END);

    for(c=ftell(fp1);i<=c;i++)

    {

        fseek(fp1,-i,SEEK_END);

        ch=fgetc(fp1);

        fputc(ch,fp2);

    }

    fclose(fp1);

    fclose(fp2);

    return 0;

}

Krishna University C Lab Record for I B.Sc Degree Students